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How PPE standards affect employers

Hard hats, goggles, face shields, steel-toed shoes, safety glasses, aprons, gloves, coveralls. What do they have in common? They are all various forms of personal protective equipment (PPE).

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for PPE are contained in Subpart I of its general industry standards. These standards were adopted in 1971 from established federal standards and national consensus standards.

In developing a proposed revision of Subpart I, OSHA performed a comprehensive review of the PPE standards. The review revealed that:

• Many of the existing PPE standards were outdated, reflecting knowledge and practices regarding PPE as they existed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 
• Certain gaps in coverage of the PPE standards existed and the standards set very restrictive design criteria, limiting the use of new technology. 
• Restraints on innovation made it more difficult for employers either to increase acceptance of PPE or to provide more protective PPE. 
• Injury data and technical reports showed injuries were occurring to employees who were wearing PPE as well as employees who were not wearing PPE. This indicated that, in some cases, significant improvements in PPE design and acceptance might be needed.

Updated PPE standards (29 CFR Part 1910) went into effect July 5, 1994 and included:

• 29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements 
• 29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection 
• 29 CFR 1910.135 Head Protection 
• 29 CFR 1910.136 Foot Protection 
• 29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection

The revised standards address five main areas:

1. Current American National Standards Institute (ANSI) guidelines 
2. Hazard assessment for each work area 
3. Use of defective PPE 
4. Employee training 
5. Properly fitting PPE

General Requirements
29 CFR 1910.132 requires employers to ensure that PPE be “provided, used and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary” to prevent injury. This includes protection of any part of the body from hazards through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

Eye and Face Protection
Employers are required under 29 CFR 1910.133 to provide employees with suitable eye and face protection where there is reasonable probability of injury that can be prevented by using such equipment. 

Eye and face devices purchased after July 5, 1994 must comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989. Equipment purchased prior to July 5, 1994 has to meet the 1968 standard or be equally effective.

29 CFR 1910.135—Head Protection
Head injuries are caused by falling or flying objects, or by bumping into a fixed object. Head protection must do two things—resist penetration and absorb the shock of a blow. 

Protective helmets purchased after July 5, 1994 must comply with ANSI Z89.1-1986. Equipment purchased prior to July 5, 1994 must meet the 1969 standard or be equally effective.

Foot Protection
29 CFR 1910.136 requires occupational footwear to meet ANSI specifications. Protective footwear purchased after July 5, 1994 must comply with ANSI Z41-1991. Footwear purchased prior to July 5, 1994 has to meet the 1967 standard or be equally effective.

Hand Protection
29 CFR 1910.138 requires employers to select appropriate hand protection for employees exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances, severe cuts or lacerations, severe abrasions, punctures, chemical burns, thermal burns and temperature extremes. Hand protection must be selected relative to the task to be performed, conditions present, duration of use and any hazards or potential hazards identified in the hazard assessment.

“Provide?”
In July of 1999, OSHA introduced regulatory language to clarify that— with only a few exceptions—employers must pay for the PPE provided. In certain circumstances, three specific kinds of PPE are exempt from this requirement: safety-toe protective footwear, prescription safety eyewear and the logging boots required by 29 CFR 1910.266(d)(1)(v).

Additional information on these and other OSHA standards may be found online at www.osha.gov. Reviews of these individual standards are available as Lab Safety Supply EZ Facts ® documents. These can be reviewed online at www.labsafety.com or requested by calling 1-800-356-2501.

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OSHA begins program to reduce amputations

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is implementing a national emphasis program on preventing amputations in general industry. The program expands on the existing national emphasis program* on mechanical power presses.

The program will focus on all types of power presses, shears, slitters, saws, slicers and press brakes. Employers within industry Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes that have machines included in the program will be targeted for inspection. Employers that have had an amputation injury within the past five years will be targeted as well.

OSHA notes that a project conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) found that workers who operate and maintain machinery suffer numerous amputations and more than 800 deaths occur per year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are more than 10,000 amputations each year.

Each regional and local OSHA office will be responsible for locating employers in their geographical area that are believed to have these types of machines or have had amputations or fatalities involving any of these machines within the past five years. These employers will be scheduled for a compliance inspection. A work-place that has had a comprehensive safety inspection in the previous 24 months will be deleted from the targeted inspection list (if no amputations occurred). Establishments on the local OSHA office inspection list will be inspected by random selection.

At the inspection, the compliance officer will inspect every machine present in the workplace that is included in this special emphasis program. The inspection will also include reviewing the OSHA log of injuries and illnesses for amputation injuries or hazards.

Normally these focused inspections will be limited to hazards associated with the machine types referenced by this program. However, a compliance officer may expand the scope of the inspection beyond these machines if other hazards or apparent violations are observed during the walk-around or are documented in the OSHA log.

* The national emphasis program is described in OSHA directive CPL 2- 1.33, which can be viewed online at 
www.osha-slc.gov/OshDoc/Directive_data/CPL_2-1_33.html.

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Foot protection basics—what you should know

Protective footwear is required in many workplaces. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) states in its Occupational Foot Protection regulation, 29 CFR 1910.136(a), “Each affected employee shall wear protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee’s feet are exposed to electrical hazards.”

In terms of what constitutes “pro-tective footwear” under 1910.136(b), OSHA requires that the footwear com-ply with ANSI Z41(1991), American National Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

Requirements of ANSI Z41-1991

ANSI Z41-1991 defines performance measurements and test methods for protective footwear. The standard contains performance measurements for impact and compression protection for the toes, metatarsal protection for the toes and metatarsal area (top of foot), electrical hazard protection, conductive protection and protection against punctures and penetration.

An important point to remember is that the ANSI standard does not allow for the use of add-on type devices (strap-on foot, toe or metatarsal guards) as a substitute for protective footwear. According to part 4.1.1 of the standard, “The toe box shall be incorporated into the footwear during construction and shall be an integral part of the footwear.”

While ANSI excludes add-on devices, it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re not acceptable to OSHA. This paradox exists because OSHA states under 1910.136(b) that footwear shall comply with ANSI or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective. This means that if an employer can provide documentation, such as testing data proving their add-on devices provide protection equivalent to ANSI performance standards, then the add-on devices are acceptable to OSHA.

Most manufacturers of add-on devices have submitted their products to independent laboratories for testing. This data can be obtained from the manufacturer upon request.

Protective footwear can meet all the requirements of the ANSI standard, or specific elements of it. A steel-toed work boot that meets the impact and compression requirements of the ANSI standard may not provide protection for metatarsal, electrical or penetration hazards. All footwear manufactured to ANSI specifications is marked with the specific portion of the standard with which it complies.

The ANSI standard incorporates a coding system that manufacturers use to identify the portions of the standard with which the footwear complies. The following is an example of an ANSI code that could be found on footwear:

ANSI Z41 PT 91 
F I/75 C/75 MT/75 
Cd 1 EH 
PR

Line 1: ANSI Z41 PT 91—This line identifies the ANSI standard. The letters PT indicate the protective toe section of the standard. This is followed by the last two digits of the year of the standard with which the footwear complies (1991).

Line 2: F I/75 C/75 MT/75—This line identifies the applicable gender (M or F) for which the footwear is intended. It also identifies the existence of impact resistance (I), the impact resistance rating (75, 50 or 30 foot-pounds), compression resistance (C) and the compression resistance rating (75, 50 or 30, which correlates to 2500 lbs., 1750 lbs. and 1000 lbs. of compression respectively). This line can also include a metatarsal designation (MT) and rating (75, 50 or 30 foot-pounds).

Lines 3 & 4: Cd 1 EH & PR—This area of the code designates conductive properties (Cd) and type (1 or 2), electrical hazard (EH) and puncture resistance (PR), if applicable.

The identification code must be legible (printed, stamped, stitched) on one of each pair of protective footwear.

All footwear requires routine inspection for cuts, holes, tears, cracks, worn soles and other damage that could compromise its protective qualities. Outsoles should be kept free of stones, tacks, nails and other debris. Footwear should be cleaned according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Who needs foot protection?

Appendix B to subpart I of OSHA’s Occupational Foot Protection regulation identifies the following occupations for which foot protection should be routinely considered:

• shipping and receiving clerks 
• stock handlers and clerks 
• carpenters 
• electricians 
• machinists 
• mechanics and repairers 
• plumbers 
• assemblers 
• drywall installers and lathers 
• packers 
• wrappers 
• craters 
• punch and stamping press operators 
• sawyers 
• welders 
• laborers 
• freight handlers 
• gardeners and grounds keepers 
• timber cutting and logging workers 
• warehouse laborers

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Storm water discharges regulated by EPA

Storm water discharges such as oil and grease from roadways, pesticides from lawns, sediment from construction sites and carelessly discarded trash are covered under the Clean Water Act (CWA), passed in 1972.

The CWA, as amended in 1987, prohibits the discharge of any pollutant into waters from a point source unless authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established NPDES requirements for storm water discharges.

The Phase I storm water rule, issued in 1990, covers medium and large municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s), which include cities or jurisdictional entities serving populations more than 100,000. In addition, operators of construction activities disturbing more than five acres and 11 categories of industrial activities are required to obtain permit coverage.

On Dec. 8, 1999, the EPA issued Phase II of the program, which extends NPDES permit requirements to small MS4s and construction activities disturbing more than one acre. Phase II permits become mandatory March 10, 2003.

Storm water management programs for all regulated small MS4s must include the following six minimum control measures:

1. Public education and outreach 
2. Public participation and involvement
3. Illicit discharge detection and elimination 
4. Construction site runoff control 
5. Post-construction runoff control 
6. Pollution prevention and good housekeeping regulated by EPA

The EPA has published best management practices (BMPs) and measurable goals for each minimum control measure (EPA Fact Sheet 2.9). These practices serve as guidelines to assist operators of small MS4s in achieving Phase II requirements.

Fact Sheet and Reference documents concerning the Phase II Final Rule may be obtained from the EPA Office of Wastewater Management by calling 202-260-5861 or online at cfpub.epa.gov/npdes.

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How to keep teenagers safe at work

Millions of teens work. These jobs provide benefits to both employers and teens. Employers get fresh ideas and hard workers, teens gain valuable experiences. Because these teens will someday be the adult workforce, it is important that they start out on the right foot and are kept safe at work.

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) prohibits teens from performing tasks determined to be too hazardous. A list of 17 hazardous non-farm jobs considered off limits for teens under the age of 18 includes:

1. Manufacturing or storing explosives. 
2. Any driving by 16-year-olds; limited driving for 17-year-olds. 
3. Coal mining. 
4. Logging and saw milling. 
5. Power-driven wood-working machines. 
6. Exposure to radioactive substances and to ionizing radiation. 
7. Power-driven hoisting equipment. 
8. Power-driven metal-forming, punching and shearing machines. 
9. Mining, other than coal mining.
10. Meat packing or processing (including power-driven meat slicing machines). 
11. Power-driven bakery machines, including mixers. 
12. Power-driven paper-products machines. 
13. Manufacturing brick, tile and related products. 
14. Power-driven circular saw, band saws and guillotine shears. 
15. Wrecking, demolition and ship-breaking operations. 
16. Roofing operations. 
17. Excavation operations.

There are limited exemptions from this list for apprentices and student-learners under specified standards.

Instruct teens about safety

Stressing safety is vitally important to help eliminate injuries to teens. Their inexperience counts against them. Employees—including teens— with less than one year of experience account for almost one-third of the occupational injuries each year.

To help prepare teens to work safely, follow these simple steps:

1. Double check tasks. Most tasks that teens are going to be asked to do are new experiences for them. Taking the time to show them how to properly perform a task and then watching them complete the task can help over-come their inexperience. Also, allowing teens the opportunity to ask questions freely will clear up any questions they may have. Check in with teens later to make sure they are performing the task properly and following all necessary safety precautions.
2. Show teens how to use safety equipment. Although the FLSA does prohibit teens from performing particularly hazardous jobs, this does not eliminate all hazards. Be sure teens understand when and how to use proper safety equipment. They also need to know about safety rules concerning buildings and equipment, such as not blocking doors or removing safety guards.
3. Prepare teens for emergencies. Every worker in a place of business needs to be ready in the event of an emergency. Teens are no exception. They should be trained along with your regular workers on how to respond to fire, weather or other potential emergencies. They also need to know who to contact if an injury should occur, if they need first aid or if they need medical care.
4. If a safety and health program is not in place, set one up. This is your best defense against workplace injuries and illnesses. Work with supervisors and experienced workers to develop an injury and illness prevention program to help identify and solve safety issues. Make sure teens are included in this program and in the safety training that goes along with it.

Other teen employment issues

In addition to following strict safety guidelines with teens, it is also important to make sure their rights are not violated and that they are not working more hours than they are allowed. For this, you need to check your local, state and federal labor laws. Generally speaking, youths 18 years or older may perform any job, whether hazardous or not, for unlimited hours in accordance with minimum wage and overtime requirements. Youths 16 to 17 may perform any nonhazardous job for unlimited hours. Youths 14 to 15 may work outside school hours in various nonmanufacturing, nonmining and nonhazardous jobs up to three hours on a school day, 18 hours in a school week, eight hours on a non-school day and 40 hours on a non-school week.

For more information on teens in the workplace, the following resources are available:

• OSHA Web site: 
  www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/summer/sw-sk.htm 
• FLSA Child Labor Rules Advisor: 
  www.elaws.dol.gov/flsa/cl/default.htm

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OSHA releases safety manual for metalworking fluids

In November 2001, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) released its “Metal-working Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual” Directorate of Technical Support. This manual is intended to assist industries that work with metalworking fluids and is to be used as a guide—not a regulation or a standard. It creates no legal obligations. The manual does, however, pull information from current regulations and applies them to the metalworking industry.

Metalworking fluids are also known as machining fluids, cutting fluids or cutting oils. They are used for grinding, cutting, boring, drilling and turning metals and can generally be found in the automotive, aircraft, machinery production and hardware production industries. The primary functions of metal-working fluids are cooling and lubrication, although they can also provide corrosion resistance to the machined part and the machining tool.

The manual provides suggestions on how to choose a fluid. OSHA recommends considering the toxicity of the fluid components, the flammability of the fluid and the fluid disposal procedures.

The manual also gives information on when a metalworking fluid is unsafe to use. The fluid may be unsafe to use if it appears abnormal, i.e. it is foul smelling or foaming, there is floating matter on the fluid or if oils from other processes are floating on the surface. If the sump level is low, the machines are dirty or if the employees are showing signs of skin or respiratory irritation, the metalworking fluid also may be unsafe.

Potential health effects from metalworking fluids include irritation of the skin, lungs, eyes, nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis, acne, asthma, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis, irritation of the upper respiratory tract and a variety of cancers have also been associated with working with metalworking fluids.

The manual provides information on ways to protect employees from these health hazards. Engineering and work practice controls—isolation, ventilation, personal hygiene practices, good housekeeping, inspection, maintenance procedures and proper supervision— are discussed. Proper personal protection equipment (PPE) is also discussed. PPE may include respirators, gloves, eye and face protection, foot protection or hearing protection.

The following topics are also included in this manual:

• Establishing a Metalworking Fluid Management Program 
•  Instituting an Exposure Monitoring Program 
• Medical monitoring of exposed employees 
• Training 
• A Self-Assessment Procedure to determine the effectiveness of an employer’s existing program

For more information on this manual, request Lab Safety Supply EZ Facts ® document No. 218 at www.labsafety.com or by fax at 1-800-393-2287. The manual is available in its entirety at the OSHA Web site: www.osha.gov.

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Identify and prevent latex allergies in your workplace

Latex products are manufactured from a milky fluid derived from the rubber tree, 
Hevea brasiliensis. Some proteins in latex can cause a range of mild to severe allergic reactions and some of the chemicals added during processing of commercial latex may also cause skin rashes.

Current methods of measurement do not allow easy or consistent identification of allergy-causing proteins (antigens) or their concentrations. Therefore, total protein is used as an indicator of the exposure concern.

Latex allergy can result from repeated exposures to proteins in natural rubber latex through skin contact or inhalation. Reactions usually begin within minutes of exposure to latex, but can occur hours later, produce various symptoms, such as skin rash and inflammation, respiratory irritation, asthma and—in rare cases— shock. In some instances, sensitized employees have experienced severe reactions that impeded their ability to continue working in their current jobs.

The amount of exposure needed to sensitize individuals to natural rubber latex is not known, but reductions in exposure to latex proteins have been reported to be associated with a reduction in sensitization and symptoms.

People at increased risk for developing a latex allergy include workers with ongoing latex exposure, people with a tendency to have multiple allergic conditions and people with spina bifida. Latex allergy is also associated with allergies to certain foods, such as avocados, potatoes, bananas, tomatoes, chestnuts, kiwi fruit and papaya.

Where is latex found?

Many products contain latex: medical supplies, personal protective equipment and many household objects. Most people who encounter latex products only through their general use have no health problems from their use. Usually it is workers who repeatedly use latex products.

Individuals who already have latex allergy should be aware of latex containing products that may trigger an allergic reaction.

Types of reactions

Three types of reactions can occur in people using latex products:

• Irritant contact dermatitis: Though not a true allergy, this is the most common reaction to latex products— the development of dry, itchy, irritated areas on the skin, usually the hands. It’s caused by skin irritation from using gloves and possibly by exposure to other workplace products and chemicals. The reaction can also result from repeated hand washing and drying, incomplete hand drying, use of cleaners and sanitizers, or exposure to powders added to the gloves. 
• Allergic contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity): This is sometimes called chemical sensitivity dermatitis and results from exposure to chemicals added to latex during harvesting, processing or manufacturing. These chemicals can cause skin reactions similar to those caused by poison ivy. As with poison ivy, the rash usually begins 24 to 48 hours after contact and may progress to oozing skin blisters or spread away from the area of skin touched by the latex. 
• Latex allergy (immediate hypersensitivity): This can be a more serious reaction to latex than irritant contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis. Certain proteins in latex may cause sensitization. The amount of exposure needed to cause sensitization or symptoms is not known, but exposures at even very low levels can trigger allergic reactions in some sensitized individuals.

Reactions usually begin within minutes of exposure, but can occur hours later and can produce various symptoms. Mild reactions involve skin redness, hives or itching. More severe reactions may involve respiratory symptoms—runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, scratchy throat and asthma. Rarely, shock may occur; but a life-threatening reaction is seldom the first sign of latex allergy.

Prevention

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends selecting products and implementing work practices that reduce the risk of allergic reactions.
They include:

1. Use nonlatex gloves, such as nitrile or vinyl. 
2. When using latex gloves, choose powder-free gloves with reduced protein content. 
3. When wearing latex gloves, do not use oil-based hand creams or lotions unless they have been shown to reduce latex-related problems. 
4. Frequently clean work areas contaminated with latex dust (upholstery, carpets, ventilation ducts, plenums). 
5. Frequently change ventilation filters and vacuum bags used in latex-contaminated areas. 
6. Learn to recognize the symptoms of latex allergy: skin rashes; hives; flushing; itching; nasal, eye or sinus symptoms; asthma; and shock. 
7. If you develop symptoms of latex allergy, avoid direct contact with latex gloves and products until you can see a physician experienced in treating latex allergy.
8. If you have latex allergy, consult your physician regarding the following precautions:

• Avoid contact with latex gloves and products. 
• Avoid areas where you might in-hale the powder from latex gloves worn by others. 
• Tell your employers, physicians, nurses and dentists that you have latex allergy. 
• Wear a medical alert bracelet.

For more on latex allergies: NIOSH Latex allergy Fact Sheet: www.cdc.gov/niosh/latexfs.html

NIOSH Alert “Preventing Allergic Reactions to Natural Rubber Latex in the Workplace” at www.cdc.gov/niosh/latexalt.html

Lab Safety Supply EZ Facts ® document on Latex Allergies and Reactions:
www.labsafety.com/refinfo/ezfacts/ezf126.htm

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	Ask a Tech Rep - FALL PROTECTION FACTS
	by Amy Hamilton Technical Representative
Q.	When did OSHA’s Construction Fall Protection Standard take effect?
A.	The Construction Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926, Subpart M) final rule was published on Aug. 9, 1994. With the exception for steel erection activities, the effective date was Feb. 6, 1995.
Q.	What are the strength requirements for fall arrest system anchors?
A.	Fall arrest system anchors must be capable of supporting a static load of 5,000 lbs. for every worker connected to the anchorage, unless engineering certification exists. Anchorages that have engineering certification must still maintain a safety factor of at least 2:1 when the system is designed, installed and used under the supervision of a qualified person. Fall arrest systems must limit a fall to 6 ft.
Q.	What are the strength requirements for positioning device anchors?
A.	Positioning devices must be able to support at least twice the potential impact load of an employee’s fall, or 3,000 lbs., whichever is greater. Fall positioning devices must limit a fall to a maximum of 2 ft.
Q.	What is residential construction?
A.	OSHA defines residential construction as work on structures where the working environment, construction materials, methods and work procedures are essentially the same as those used for building typical single family homes and townhouses. Work on discreet areas of a large commercial structure may also be considered residential construction as long as the working environment, method, materials and work procedures are similar to those used for single family homes and townhouses. This includes buildings that will not be used for occupied residences, but for light commercial purposes.
Q.	Are alternative fall protection procedures allowed for residential construction?
A.	Yes. When an employer can show that conventional fall protection is not feasible at a specific worksite, the employer may implement an “alterna-tive fall protection plan.” The plan must be in writing, designed for the specific work site, and specify alternative protective measures. The fall protection plan must meet the requirements of paragraph (k) of 1926.502.

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worth noting . . .

Consultations: OSHA has revised what it calls the “policy framework” for its consultation program. The agency published a new compliance directive, which explains that employers in high-hazard small businesses will be given priority for consultation visits. Among the changes, the consultation policy requires employers to post the hazard list they receive following a consultation visit for either three working days or until any serious hazards are abated, whichever is later. Agreed-to modifications or extensions of correction due dates also must be posted. Additionally, employee participation is now required as part of all site visits. The directive can be downloaded at www.osha-slc.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/TED_3-6.pdf.

Survey: The Executive Survey of Workplace Safety found that 95 percent of business executives questioned have reported that workplace safety has a positive impact on a company’s financial performance. The survey, conducted by Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., included interviews with 200 executives responsible for worker’s compensation at 125 mid-size firms and 75 large companies. Of those executives, 61 percent said their companies receive a return on investment (ROI) of $3 or more for every $1 they invest in improving job safety.

Grills: The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has developed a new safety standard to prevent the over-filling of propane tanks for gas grills. This standard is located at www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PUBS/cpsr_nws21.pdf.

Guide: The NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (NPG) is available online. It’s a source of general industrial hygiene information on several hundred chemicals and classes for workers, employers and occupational health professionals. The NPG does not contain an analysis of all pertinent data, but presents key information and data in abbreviated or tabular form for chemicals or substance groupings (e.g. cyanides, fluorides, manganese compounds) that are found in the work environment. The information is intended to help users recognize and control occupational chemical hazards. The NPG includes chemical structures and formulas, identification codes, synonyms, exposure limits, chemical and physical properties, incompatibilities and reactivities, measurement methods, respirator selections, signs and symptoms of exposure, and procedures for emergency treatment. To see the online version of the NPG: www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html.

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TECHlines^® is published bi-monthly by Lab Safety Supply Inc., PO Box 1368, Janesville, Wisconsin 53547-1368.
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